Crypto and chart analysis glossary

Price

PriceSpotPerpFutures: The last traded price of the market. Lesson: Price, candles and % change, step 1
Price changeSpotPerpFuturesPer timeframe: How much the price moved over the timeframe, as a percentage of where it started. Lesson: Price, candles and % change, step 5

Candles

CloseSpotPerpFuturesPer timeframe: The price at which the candle ended; for the current candle, the latest price. Lesson: Price, candles and % change, step 2
Previous highSpotPerpFuturesPer timeframe: The highest price of the previous candle, a common line for breakouts. Lesson: Highs, lows and breakouts, step 1
Previous lowSpotPerpFuturesPer timeframe: The lowest price of the previous candle, a common line for breakdowns. Lesson: Highs, lows and breakouts, step 1
Candle rangeSpotPerpFuturesPer timeframe: The distance from the candle's low to its high, as a percentage of the price. Lesson: Price, candles and % change, step 3
Candle bodySpotPerpFuturesPer timeframe: The distance between the candle's open and close, as a percentage of the price. Lesson: Price, candles and % change, step 3
Upper wickSpotPerpFuturesPer timeframe: The part of the candle above its body: how far buyers pushed before the price came back. Lesson: Price, candles and % change, step 3
Lower wickSpotPerpFuturesPer timeframe: The part of the candle below its body: how far sellers pushed before the price came back. Lesson: Price, candles and % change, step 3

Volume

VolumeSpotPerpFuturesPer timeframe: How much was traded in the timeframe, in the quote currency (USDT). Lesson: Volume and relative volume, step 1
Trade countSpotPerpFuturesPer timeframe: How many trades went through in the timeframe. Lesson: Trades: count, size and the biggest print, step 2
Average trade sizeSpotPerpFuturesPer timeframe: The volume divided by the number of trades: the typical size of one trade. Lesson: Trades: count, size and the biggest print, step 3

Buy and sell pressure

Taker buy ratioSpotPerpFuturesPer timeframe: The share of the volume that came from market buys, which hit the ask. Lesson: Volume and relative volume, step 5
Buy/sell imbalanceSpotPerpFuturesPer timeframe: Taker buy volume minus taker sell volume, as a share of the total; positive means buyers were more aggressive. Lesson: Volume and relative volume, step 5

Indicators

RSISpotPerpFuturesPer timeframe: A 0 to 100 score of how much of the recent movement went up; above 70 is called overbought, below 30 oversold. Lesson: RSI: overbought and oversold, step 1
SMASpotPerpFuturesPer timeframe: The simple moving average: the plain average of the last N closes. Lesson: Moving averages: SMA, EMA and VWAP, step 1
EMASpotPerpFuturesPer timeframe: The exponential moving average: an average of the last N closes that gives more weight to the recent ones. Lesson: Moving averages: SMA, EMA and VWAP, step 3
MACD lineSpotPerpFuturesPer timeframe: The MACD line: the difference between a fast and a slow EMA, usually 12 and 26. Lesson: MACD: momentum from two averages, step 1
MACD signalSpotPerpFuturesPer timeframe: The signal line: an EMA of the MACD line, usually over 9 candles. Lesson: MACD: momentum from two averages, step 2
MACD histogramSpotPerpFuturesPer timeframe: The MACD histogram: the MACD line minus the signal line; it crosses zero when they cross. Lesson: MACD: momentum from two averages, step 3
Upper Bollinger bandSpotPerpFuturesPer timeframe: The upper Bollinger Band: the moving average plus two standard deviations of the price. Lesson: Bollinger Bands: price against its own range, step 1
Lower Bollinger bandSpotPerpFuturesPer timeframe: The lower Bollinger Band: the moving average minus two standard deviations of the price. Lesson: Bollinger Bands: price against its own range, step 6
Bollinger widthSpotPerpFuturesPer timeframe: The distance between the two Bollinger Bands, as a percentage of the middle one; narrow bands mean a quiet market. Lesson: Bollinger Bands: price against its own range, step 5
ATRSpotPerpFuturesPer timeframe: The average true range: the average size of a candle's full movement over the last N candles, in price. Lesson: Volatility: ATR and realized volatility, step 3
VWAPSpotPerpFuturesPer timeframe: The volume-weighted average price: the average price of the day, weighted by how much was traded at each level. Lesson: Moving averages: SMA, EMA and VWAP, step 5
Distance from VWAPSpotPerpFuturesPer timeframe: How far the price is from the VWAP, as a percentage. Lesson: Moving averages: SMA, EMA and VWAP, step 6

Volatility

Price rangeSpotPerpFuturesPer timeframe: The distance from the lowest to the highest price in the timeframe, as a percentage. Lesson: Highs, lows and breakouts, step 4
Realized volatilitySpotPerpFuturesPer timeframe: Realized volatility: how much the price has actually been moving, measured from recent returns. Lesson: Volatility: ATR and realized volatility, step 5

Open interest

Open interestPerpFutures: Open interest: the total value of derivative positions still open, on both sides. Lesson: Open interest, step 1
Open interest changePerpFuturesPer timeframe: How much open interest changed over the timeframe, as a percentage; rising means new positions are being opened. Lesson: Open interest, step 3

Funding

Funding ratePerp: The periodic payment between longs and shorts that keeps a perpetual's price near spot; positive means longs pay. Lesson: Funding rate, step 2

Mark and index

Mark pricePerpFutures: The mark price: the fair value Binance uses to calculate PnL and liquidations, smoother than the last price. Lesson: Mark, index and last price, step 4
Index pricePerpFutures: The index price: the average spot price across several exchanges that the derivative follows. Lesson: Mark, index and last price, step 2
Last vs mark pricePerpFutures: The difference between the last traded price and the mark price, as a percentage. Lesson: Mark, index and last price, step 5

Basis and premium

Perpetual premiumPerp: How much the perpetual trades above or below spot, as a percentage; positive is a premium, negative a discount. Lesson: Premium and basis, step 1
Futures basisFutures: The basis: how much a dated future trades above or below spot, as a percentage. Lesson: Premium and basis, step 3
Annualized basisFutures: The basis scaled to a yearly rate, so contracts with different expiries can be compared. Lesson: Premium and basis, step 4

Order book

SpreadSpotPerpFutures: The gap between the best bid and the best ask, as a percentage of the price. Lesson: Order book: spread, depth and imbalance, step 2
Bid depth within 0.5%SpotPerpFutures: The value of buy orders waiting in the book within a set distance below the price. Lesson: Order book: spread, depth and imbalance, step 4
Ask depth within 0.5%SpotPerpFutures: The value of sell orders waiting in the book within a set distance above the price. Lesson: Order book: spread, depth and imbalance, step 4
Order book imbalanceSpotPerpFutures: Bid depth minus ask depth, as a share of both; positive means more buy orders are waiting. Lesson: Order book: spread, depth and imbalance, step 5

Trade flow

Largest tradeSpotPerpFuturesPer timeframe: The biggest single trade in the timeframe, in the quote currency. Lesson: Trades: count, size and the biggest print, step 4

Liquidations

Long liquidationsPerpFuturesPer timeframe: The value of long positions forcibly closed in the timeframe. Lesson: Liquidations, step 3
Short liquidationsPerpFuturesPer timeframe: The value of short positions forcibly closed in the timeframe. Lesson: Liquidations, step 3
Liquidation countPerpFuturesPer timeframe: How many liquidations happened in the timeframe, longs and shorts together. Lesson: Liquidations, step 5

Terms

Bitcoin: The first cryptocurrency: digital money with a fixed supply that runs on a public network no company controls. Lesson: Bitcoin and the blockchain, step 1
Blockchain: A public ledger of every transaction, kept in blocks that link to each other and are copied across thousands of computers. Lesson: Bitcoin and the blockchain, step 3
Mining: The work of adding new blocks to the Bitcoin blockchain, paid in newly created bitcoin. Lesson: Bitcoin and the blockchain, step 4
Halving and the 21 million cap: The programmed halving of the bitcoin paid to miners per block, roughly every four years, until the 21 million cap. Lesson: Bitcoin and the blockchain, step 5
Wallet: The software or device that holds the keys to your coins; the coins themselves stay on the blockchain. Lesson: Bitcoin and the blockchain, step 6
Recovery phrase: The 12 or 24 words that recreate a wallet; whoever has them controls the coins. Lesson: Bitcoin and the blockchain, step 6
Decentralization: Run by many independent participants instead of one company, so no single party can change the rules or stop it. Lesson: Bitcoin and the blockchain, step 7
Altcoin: Any cryptocurrency other than bitcoin. Lesson: Kinds of crypto, step 1
Fork: A copy of a blockchain's code or history that goes its own way, creating a new coin. Lesson: Kinds of crypto, step 1
Coins and tokens: A coin runs on its own blockchain; a token is issued on top of another one, like Ethereum. Lesson: Kinds of crypto, step 2
Altcoins and bitcoin: Bitcoin is the largest market, and most altcoins tend to follow its big moves. Lesson: Kinds of crypto, step 3
Market cap: The price of a coin times the number of coins in circulation: its total market value. Lesson: Kinds of crypto, step 5
Stablecoin: A token designed to hold a fixed value, usually one US dollar, such as USDT. Lesson: Kinds of crypto, step 6
Memecoin: A coin built around a joke or a community rather than a product, often very volatile. Lesson: Kinds of crypto, step 7
Smart contract: A program on a blockchain that runs by itself when its conditions are met. Lesson: Beyond coins: DeFi, web3 and other uses, step 1
DeFi and liquidation: Decentralized finance: lending, trading and other financial services run by smart contracts instead of banks. Lesson: Beyond coins: DeFi, web3 and other uses, step 2
Liquidity pool: A pool of two tokens locked in a smart contract so anyone can trade one for the other. Lesson: Beyond coins: DeFi, web3 and other uses, step 3
Web3: The idea of internet services where users hold their own accounts and assets through a wallet. Lesson: Beyond coins: DeFi, web3 and other uses, step 4
NFT: A token that represents one specific item, such as an artwork or a ticket, rather than an interchangeable amount. Lesson: Beyond coins: DeFi, web3 and other uses, step 5
Recording documents: Recording a document's fingerprint on a blockchain to prove it existed at that moment. Lesson: Beyond coins: DeFi, web3 and other uses, step 6
Airdrop: Tokens given away for free to wallets, usually to reward early users or promote a project. Lesson: Beyond coins: DeFi, web3 and other uses, step 7
Supply and demand: A price rises when more people want to buy than sell at that level, and falls when the opposite happens. Lesson: The crypto market, step 1
Satoshi, a slice of BTC: The smallest unit of bitcoin: one hundred millionth of a coin. Lesson: The crypto market, step 2
Trading pair: Two assets quoted against each other, like BTCUSDT: the price of one bitcoin in USDT. Lesson: The crypto market, step 3
Centralized exchange: A centralized exchange: a company such as Binance that holds your funds and matches orders on its own servers. Lesson: The crypto market, step 4
Decentralized exchange: A decentralized exchange: trading straight from your wallet through smart contracts, with no company in the middle. Lesson: The crypto market, step 4
Common scams: Fraud built around crypto, from fake giveaways and guaranteed returns to sites that copy real exchanges. Lesson: The crypto market, step 5
Bots and conditions: A set of market conditions that is checked continuously and sends a Signal when all of them are met. Lesson: The crypto market, step 6
Spot: The market where you buy or sell the coin itself, paid in full, with no expiry. Lesson: Spot, perpetuals and futures, step 1
Long and short: A long profits when the price rises; a short profits when it falls. Lesson: Spot, perpetuals and futures, step 2
Perpetual: A perpetual: a derivative contract with no expiry date that tracks spot through funding payments. Lesson: Spot, perpetuals and futures, step 3
Leverage and liquidation: Trading with borrowed money, which multiplies gains and losses; go too far and the position is liquidated. Lesson: Spot, perpetuals and futures, step 4
Dated future: A derivative contract with a fixed expiry date, settled at that date against the index price. Lesson: Spot, perpetuals and futures, step 5
Markets watchlist: The list on the Markets page: Binance symbols in Spot, Perpetual and Futures tabs, with price and 24h change, next to the selected market's panel. Lesson: The site, step 2
Asset, market type and symbol: What makes one market: an asset, a market type and a symbol. BTC on Spot and BTC on Perpetual are different markets, and each Futures contract is its own. Lesson: The site, step 3
Metric catalogue: The list of metrics a bot condition can read, grouped by category and limited by the market type. Lesson: The site, step 4
Signals bell: The bell in the header: the latest Signals, the unread count and the take profit and stop loss hits on your open operations. Lesson: The site, step 5
Glossary and lesson search: The page that defines every metric and lesson term in one sentence, and the search that opens with / or Ctrl+K and lands on the step that explains it. Lesson: The site, step 6
Bot market: The asset, market type and symbol a bot watches; the same asset in Spot, Perpetual and Futures counts as separate markets. Lesson: Building a bot, step 1
Condition and threshold: A metric with its timeframe, an operator and a threshold that can be a number, a multiple of the metric's own average or another metric. Lesson: Building a bot, step 2
All or any: How a bot combines its conditions: with all, every condition must be true together; with any, one is enough. Lesson: Building a bot, step 3
Direction: Which way the bot expects price to go: Long, Short or Alert only; Spot bots are long (Buy) or alert only. Lesson: Building a bot, step 4
Cooldown: The minimum time between two Signals from the same bot, from none up to 24 hours. Lesson: Building a bot, step 5
Reset: A setting that makes the conditions stop being true after a Signal before the bot can fire again. Lesson: Building a bot, step 5
Take profit and stop loss: Optional take profit and stop loss percentages on a bot, measured from the entry price without leverage, that close the Signal's virtual position. Lesson: Building a bot, step 6
Templates: A bot with conditions, direction, cooldown and reset already filled in, which you can edit before using it. Lesson: Building a bot, step 7
Alert and Signal: The alert is the notification sent when a bot fires; the Signal is the permanent record of that moment, which Okkana keeps measuring afterwards. Lesson: Signals and operations, step 1
Entry reference price: The last price at the moment a bot fires, from which every return, MFE and MAE of the Signal is measured. Lesson: Signals and operations, step 2
MFE and MAE: The best (maximum favorable) and worst (maximum adverse) return a Signal reached in the 24 hours after the trigger, in the bot's direction. Lesson: Signals and operations, step 3
Virtual position: A hypothetical position of 1,000 opened at a Signal's entry price, used only to score it: gross, funding, fees and net PnL, without leverage. Lesson: Signals and operations, step 4
Take profit and stop loss: Optional percentage levels from the entry that close a Signal's virtual position, and alert you through an open operation. Lesson: Signals and operations, step 5
Operation: Your own record of what you did on a Signal: one entry and one exit, or a discard. It never changes the Signal. Lesson: Signals and operations, step 6
Taken vs discarded: The average directional return, per window, of the Signals you took compared with the ones you discarded. Lesson: Signals and operations, step 7
Signals report: A file with one row per signal, with the bot's theoretical result next to the result you registered, as CSV or Excel. Lesson: Exporting your data, step 1
Paper result: The bot's theoretical result: what its virtual position returned, with no real order behind it. Lesson: Exporting your data, step 4
Real result: The result of your own operation on a signal, from the entry and exit you registered. Lesson: Exporting your data, step 4
Totals row: The last row of the report: the sums of the paper net PnL, the real net PnL and their difference. Lesson: Exporting your data, step 5
Webhook: An address of yours that Okkana calls with an HTTPS POST each time a bot fires or a take profit or stop loss is hit. Lesson: Webhooks, step 1
Signing secret: The whsec_ value shown once when you add a webhook: the key Okkana uses to sign each request and you use to check it. Lesson: Webhooks, step 2
Request signature: The Okkana-Signature header: the send time and an HMAC-SHA256 of the time and the body, which shows the request came from Okkana and wasn't altered. Lesson: Webhooks, step 4
Retries: A new delivery attempt after your server times out or answers 408, 429 or 5xx: up to 9 attempts over about 22 hours. Lesson: Webhooks, step 5
API key: A secret starting with okk_ that lets your own script or tool call Okkana's API to read your bots and signals, and optionally manage bots, without logging in. Lesson: API keys, step 1
Scope: A permission a key carries: bots:read, bots:write or signals:read. A route that needs a scope the key lacks answers 403. Lesson: API keys, step 3
Rate limit: The number of requests a key can make in one minute, counted apart for reads and writes. Over it, the API answers 429 with a Retry-After. Lesson: API keys, step 5
Revoking a key: Disabling a key from the profile. The next request with it answers 401. Lesson: API keys, step 6
MCP: A standard that lets an AI assistant call tools on a server; Okkana's server offers tools for your bots and signals. Lesson: MCP, step 1
MCP client: The assistant or app that connects to an MCP server, such as Claude Code, Cursor or VS Code. Lesson: MCP, step 2
Key scopes: The permission a key carries (bots:read, bots:write, signals:read), which decides the MCP tools it can see. Lesson: MCP, step 3
MCP tools: An action the server offers, such as list_bots or create_bot, with a hint saying whether it only reads, changes data or deletes. Lesson: MCP, step 4
Rule validation: The tool that checks a bot definition as create_bot would, stores nothing and answers with the errors by field path. Lesson: MCP, step 6